Computer - Memory
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
Memory is primarily of three types −
- Cache Memory
- Primary Memory/Main Memory
- Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows −
- Cache memory is faster than main memory.
- It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
- It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
- It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −
- Cache memory has limited capacity.
- It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Characteristics of Main Memory
- These are semiconductor memories.
- It is known as the main memory.
- Usually volatile memory.
- Data is lost in case power is switched off.
- It is the working memory of the computer.
- Faster than secondary memories.
- A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Characteristics of Secondary Memory
- These are magnetic and optical memories.
- It is known as the backup memory.
- It is a non-volatile memory.
- Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
- It is used for storage of data in a computer.
- Computer may run without the secondary memory.
- Slower than primary memories.
Memory of The Computer
Introduction:
One of the major advantages of computer is its storage capacity where huge amount of information can be stored,but how this information is represented and stored? In this chapter,we are going to learn about the various data storage devices and the units which are used to measure the stored data.
One of the major advantages of computer is its storage capacity where huge amount of information can be stored,but how this information is represented and stored? In this chapter,we are going to learn about the various data storage devices and the units which are used to measure the stored data.
In the previous chapter,we studied how the different types of input devices are used to enter different types of data in the computer. But when the data and instructions are entered in the computer, Where they are stored.in fact, inside the computer, there are different storage areas where it keeps data or information permanently or temporarily while working.This storage area is known as the Memory of the computer.
The memory of the computer is divided into two categories:
1.Primary Memory
2.Secondary Memory
1.Primary Memory
2.Secondary Memory
Primary Memory
This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or write on this memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.
This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or write on this memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.
Primary memory is further divided in two types:
1.RAM(Random Access Memory)
2.ROM(Read Only Memory)
1.RAM(Random Access Memory)
2.ROM(Read Only Memory)
Add to your Knowledge
Motherboard is an electronic board fixed inside the CPU box.The cpu and other internal of a computer are attached to it.
RAM(Random Access Memory)
RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is turned off.That’s why it is also called Volatile Memory. It stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by the computer temporarily.
RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is turned off.That’s why it is also called Volatile Memory. It stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by the computer temporarily.
ROM(Read only Memory)Information stored in ROM is permanent in nature,i.e., it holds the data even if the system is switched off. It holds the starting instructions for the computer. ROM cannot be overwritten by the computer. It is also called Non-Volatile Memory.
Think and Answer
Which of the above two memories is dependent on power supply?
Secondary Memory
This memory is permanent in nature. It is used to store the different programs and the information permanently (which were temporarily stored in RAM). It holds the information till we erase it.
This memory is permanent in nature. It is used to store the different programs and the information permanently (which were temporarily stored in RAM). It holds the information till we erase it.
Different types of secondary storage devices are:
Hard Disc, Compact Disc, DVD, Pen Drive, Flash Drive, etc.
Hard Disc
This is the main storage device of the computer which is fixed inside the CPU box. Its storage capacity is very high that varies from 200 GB to 3 TB. As it is fixed inside the CPU box, it is not easy to move the hard disc from one computer to another.
This is the main storage device of the computer which is fixed inside the CPU box. Its storage capacity is very high that varies from 200 GB to 3 TB. As it is fixed inside the CPU box, it is not easy to move the hard disc from one computer to another.
A hard disc contains a number of metallic discs which are called platters. Information is recorded on the surface of the platters in a series of concentric circles.These circles are called Tracks. For the purpose of addressing information, the surface is considered to be divided into segments called Sectors.This division helps in the proper organisation of data on the platter and helps in maximum utilisation of the storage space.
Add to your Knowledge
Nowadays, external hard disc is available which is not fixed inside the computer.
Compact Disc(CD)
It is a thin plastic disc coated with metal. Computer can read and write data stored on it.This is an optical storage device with a storage capacity of up to 700 MB and it can store varieties of data like pictures,sounds,movies,texts,etc.
It is a thin plastic disc coated with metal. Computer can read and write data stored on it.This is an optical storage device with a storage capacity of up to 700 MB and it can store varieties of data like pictures,sounds,movies,texts,etc.
CD-ROM
CD-ROM refers to Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. Data or information is recorded at the time of manufacturing and it can only be read. A CD-ROM cannot be used to record fresh data by the computer.
CD-ROM refers to Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. Data or information is recorded at the time of manufacturing and it can only be read. A CD-ROM cannot be used to record fresh data by the computer.
CD-R
CD-R is the short form of Compact Disc-Recordable. Data can be written on it once and can be read whenever required.The data written once cannot be erased.
CD-R is the short form of Compact Disc-Recordable. Data can be written on it once and can be read whenever required.The data written once cannot be erased.
Think and Answer
Name the secondary storage device which cannot be removed from the computer.
CD-RW
CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Re-writable. CD-RW can be used to write information over and over again,i.e,previous information can be erased and new information can be written on it using a CD writer fixed inside the CPU box.
CDs are slow in comparison to hard discs to read or write the information on them.They are portable storage devices.
CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Re-writable. CD-RW can be used to write information over and over again,i.e,previous information can be erased and new information can be written on it using a CD writer fixed inside the CPU box.
CDs are slow in comparison to hard discs to read or write the information on them.They are portable storage devices.
DVD
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc.it is an optical storage device which reads data faster than a CD.A single layer,single sided DVD can store data up to 4.7 GB,i.e,around 6 times than that of CD and a double layer DVD can store data up to 17.08 GB,i.e.,around 25 times that of CD. Though DVDs look just like CDs,they can hold much more data,for example,a full length movie.
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc.it is an optical storage device which reads data faster than a CD.A single layer,single sided DVD can store data up to 4.7 GB,i.e,around 6 times than that of CD and a double layer DVD can store data up to 17.08 GB,i.e.,around 25 times that of CD. Though DVDs look just like CDs,they can hold much more data,for example,a full length movie.Add to your Knowledge
To read the data stored on a CD you need to put it into a CD. A DVD Drive can read data both from a CD as well as from a DVD.
Flash Drive:
It is an electronic memory device popularly known as pen drive in which data can be stored permanently and erased when not needed.it is a portable storage device that can be easily connected and removed from the CPU to store data in it.its capacity can vary form 2 GB to 256 GB.
It is an electronic memory device popularly known as pen drive in which data can be stored permanently and erased when not needed.it is a portable storage device that can be easily connected and removed from the CPU to store data in it.its capacity can vary form 2 GB to 256 GB.Add to your Knowledge
A computer has a number of points into which we can various devices. These are known as ports. Pen drive is inserted into USB Port of the computer.
Blu-ray Disc
This is a newly invented optical data storage device whose storage capacity can be form 25 GB up to 200 GB.it is mainly used to store high quality sound and movie data.They are the scratch resistant discs,that’s why,storing data on these is much safer than a CD OR DVD.
So,these are some the common devices we use to store information and data in the computer.
This is a newly invented optical data storage device whose storage capacity can be form 25 GB up to 200 GB.it is mainly used to store high quality sound and movie data.They are the scratch resistant discs,that’s why,storing data on these is much safer than a CD OR DVD.So,these are some the common devices we use to store information and data in the computer.
Memory Units
Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits 0 and 1.These two digits are called Binary Digits or Bits. A bit is the smallest unit of computer’s memory. To represent each character in memory,a set of 8 binary digits is used.This set of 8 bit is called a Byte. So,one Byte is used to represent one character of data.
Bits=0,1
1 Byte= 8 bits(e.g,11001011)
To represent a large amount of data in memory,higher data storage units are used like KB(Kilobyte),MB(megabyte),GB(Gigabyte),TB(terabyte),etc.
But all these unites are formed with the set of bytes like,
Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits 0 and 1.These two digits are called Binary Digits or Bits. A bit is the smallest unit of computer’s memory. To represent each character in memory,a set of 8 binary digits is used.This set of 8 bit is called a Byte. So,one Byte is used to represent one character of data.
Bits=0,1
1 Byte= 8 bits(e.g,11001011)
To represent a large amount of data in memory,higher data storage units are used like KB(Kilobyte),MB(megabyte),GB(Gigabyte),TB(terabyte),etc.
But all these unites are formed with the set of bytes like,
1 KB(kilobyte) = 210 Bytes=1024 Bytes
1 MB(megabyte) = 210 KB=1024 KB
= 1024*1024 Bytes
= 1048576 Bytes
1 GB(Gigabyte) = 210 MB=1024 MB
1 TB(Terabyte) = 210 GB
= 1024 GB
1 MB(megabyte) = 210 KB=1024 KB
= 1024*1024 Bytes
= 1048576 Bytes
1 GB(Gigabyte) = 210 MB=1024 MB
1 TB(Terabyte) = 210 GB
= 1024 GB
Create By Rajsushant
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